Attenuated mycoplasma gallisepticum strains

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides live, attenuated  Mycoplasma gallisepticum  bacteria that exhibit reduced expression of a protein identified as MGA_0621. In certain embodiments, the attenuated bacteria may additionally exhibit reduced expression of one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, and ribosomal protein L35, relative to a wild-type  M. gallisepticum  bacterium. Also provided are vaccines and vaccination methods involving the use of the live, attenuated  M. gallisepticum  bacteria, and methods for making live attenuated  M. gallisepticum  bacteria. An exemplary live, attenuated strain of  M. gallisepticum  is provided, designated MGx+47, which was shown by proteomics analysis to exhibit significantly reduced expression of MGA_0621, and was shown to be safe and effective when administered as a vaccine against  M. gallisepticum  infection in chickens.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from copending U.S. provisional application No. 60/993,447, filed Sep. 11, 2007, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the fields of microbiology and immunology. More specifically, the invention relates to novel vaccines against bacterial pathogens.

2. Background Art

Mycoplasmas are small prokaryotic organisms (0.2 to 0.3 μm) belonging to the class Mollicutes, whose members lack a cell wall and have a small genome size. The mollicutes include at least 100 species of Mycoplasma. Mycoplasma species are the causative agents of several diseases in human and non-human animals as well as in plants. M. gallisepticum, for example, is responsible for significant disease conditions in poultry. M. gallisepticum is associated with acute respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys and can also cause upper respiratory disease in game birds. In addition, M. gallisepticum has been recognized as a cause of conjunctivitis in house finches in North America.

An effective strategy for preventing and managing diseases caused by M. gallisepticum infection is by vaccination with live, attenuated strains of M. gallisepticum bacteria. The advantages of live attenuated vaccines, in general, include the presentation of all the relevant immunogenic determinants of an infectious agent in its natural form to the host's immune system, and the need for relatively small amounts of the immunizing agent due to the ability of the agent to multiply in the vaccinated host.

Live attenuated vaccine strains are often created by serially passaging a virulent strain multiple times in media. Although live attenuated vaccine strains against M. gallisepticum have been obtained by serial passaging, such strains are generally poorly characterized at the molecular level. It is assumed that attenuated strains made by serial passaging have accumulated mutations which render the microorganisms less virulent but still capable of replication. With regard to attenuated M. gallisepticum strains, however, the consequences of the mutations that result in attenuation (e.g., the identity of proteins whose expression pattern has been altered in the attenuated strain) are usually unknown.

Accordingly, a need exists in the art for new live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacteria that have been characterized at the proteomic level and that are safe and effective in vaccine formulations.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based, in part, on the surprising discovery that M. gallisepticum bacteria that exhibit reduced expression of a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 are both safe and effective when used as a vaccine against M. gallisepticum infection in birds. The polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 is also referred to as “MGA_(—)0621,” and has NCBI Accession No. NP_(—)852784.

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacteria that exhibit reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621, relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum. In a specific, non-limiting, exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a live, attenuated M. gallisepticum strain that exhibits reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621, and further exhibits reduced expression of one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, and ribosomal protein L35, relative to wild-type M. gallisepticum bacteria. According to certain embodiments of the present invention, the live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacteria of the invention are characterized by proteomic analysis as having reduced expression of one or more of the aforementioned proteins. According to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the live attenuated M. gallisepticum strain is a strain that exhibits reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621, pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, and ribosomal protein L35, relative to wild-type M. gallisepticum bacteria, which strain was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20108, on Jun. 19, 2007, and has been assigned Accession No. PTA-8485. This strain is alternatively referred to herein as “M. gallisepticum strain MGx+47,” or “MG-P48”.

The present invention also provides vaccine compositions comprising the live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacteria of the invention, as well as methods of vaccinating an animal against M. gallisepticum infection.

In addition, the present invention provides methods for making and/or identifying attenuated M. gallisepticum clones. According to this aspect of the invention, the methods comprise subjecting an initial population of M. gallisepticum bacteria to attenuating conditions, assaying individual clones for reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621, relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum, and testing the clones for virulence. M. gallisepticum clones produced according to the methods of this aspect of the invention will exhibit reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621, and may optionally exhibit reduced expression of one or more additional proteins selected from the group consisting of pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, and ribosomal protein L35. Preferably, the strains that exhibit reduced expression of at least one of the aforementioned proteins also exhibit reduced virulence relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a photograph of a two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel depicting protein spots of the attenuated M. gallisepticum strain MGx+47. Circled spots numbered 19, 49, 74, 108, 114, 127, 147, 166, 175 and 225 correspond to proteins that are up-regulated in MGx+47 relative to wild-type strain R-980. Circled spots numbered 40, 68, 98, 99, 130, 136 and 217 correspond to proteins that are down-regulated in MGx+47 relative to wild-type strain R-980.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacteria that are suitable for use in vaccine formulations. The M. gallisepticum bacteria of the present invention exhibit reduced expression of a protein referred to as MGA_(—)0621. In certain embodiments, the M. gallisepticum bacteria of the invention further exhibit reduced expression of one or more additional proteins selected from the group consisting of pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, and ribosomal protein L35, relative to the expression of these proteins in a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium of the same species.

MGA_(—)0621 is identified under NCBI Accession No. NP_(—)852784 has the following 162 amino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) MTRTMKNKKAKKKERRFTDLSADLDEEVEKIDPEYEDFKEIKIEKNKDNQ VIDKNDPFFYSESFEEARIQLIKDKKVEVKKEEEKVQETTVKNKISEAKK EEAKDVYIDSSLEIASQEPLTKGMHFYTNSRIIRKVRECAKNKGLSISRL ITMILDKSIKEE..

Reduced Expression of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Proteins

A person of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine, using routine molecular biological techniques, whether an attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium exhibits reduced expression of one or more proteins that are normally expressed in wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterial cells. Determining whether an attenuated bacterium exhibits reduced expression of a particular protein (e.g., MGA_(—)0621, pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, ribosomal protein L35, etc.), relative to a wild-type bacterium, can be accomplished by several methods known in the art. Exemplary methods include, e.g., quantitative antibody-based methods such as Western blotting, radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs), in which an antibody is used which detects and binds to the protein of interest. In addition, since messenger RNA (mRNA) levels generally reflect the quantity of the protein encoded therefrom, quantitative nucleic acid-based methods may also be used to determine whether an attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium exhibits reduced expression of one or more proteins. For example, quantitative reverse-transcriptse/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods may be used to measure the quantity of mRNA corresponding to a particular protein of interest. Numerous quantitative nucleic acid-based methods are well known in the art.

The following is a non-limiting, exemplary method that can be used for determining whether an attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium exhibits reduced expression of a protein such as, e.g., MGA_(—)0621.

First, a population of attenuated M. gallisepticum cells and a population of wild-type M. gallisepticum cells are grown under substantially identical conditions in substantially the same culture medium. Next, the two populations of cells are subjected to cell-disrupting conditions. The disrupted cells (or the protein-containing fractions thereof) are subjected, in parallel, to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and then to Western blotting using an antibody which binds to the M. gallisepticum MGA_(—)0621 protein (such antibodies can be obtained using standard methods that are well known in the art). A labeled secondary antibody is then applied in order to provide a measurable signal that is proportional to the amount of the protein derived from the cells. If the amount of signal exhibited by the attenuated M. gallisepticum strain is less than the amount of signal exhibited by the wild-type M. gallisepticum strain, then it can be concluded that the attenuated strain exhibits reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621 relative to the wild-type strain. Variations on this exemplary method, as well as alternatives thereto, will be immediately evident to persons of ordinary skill in the art.

The present invention includes attenuated M. gallisepticum bacteria that exhibit any degree of reduction in expression of a protein (e.g., MGA_(—)0621, pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, ribosomal protein L35, etc.) compared to the expression of that protein observed in a wild-type strain. In certain embodiments, the attenuated bacterium exhibits at least about 5% less expression of the protein relative to a wild-type bacterium. As an example, if a given quantity of a wild-type M. gallisepticum strain exhibit 100 units of expression of a particular protein and the same quantity of a candidate attenuated M. gallisepticum strain exhibits 95 units of expression of the protein, then it is concluded that the attenuated strain exhibits 5% less expression of the protein relative to the wild-type bacterium (additional examples for calculating “percent less expression” are set forth elsewhere herein). In certain other embodiments, the attenuated bacterium exhibits at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% less expression of the protein relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium. In yet other embodiments, the attenuated M. gallisepticum strain exhibits no expression (i.e., 100% less expression) of the protein relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium.

In certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the attenuated bacteria exhibit at least 5% less expression of MGA_(—)0621, and optionally at least 5% less expression of one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, and ribosomal protein L35, relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium.

As used herein, the “percent less expression” of a particular protein exhibited by an attenuated M. gallusepticum strain relative to a wild-type strain is calculated by the following formula: (A−B)/A×100; wherein A=the relative level of expression of the protein in a wild-type M. gallisepticum strain; and B=the relative level of expression of the protein in the attenuated strain. Solely for the purpose of illustration, if a wild-type M. gallisepticum strain exhibited 0.2500 units of expression of protein “Y”, and an attenuated strain of M. gallisepticum exhibited 0.1850 units of expression of protein “Y” then the attenuated strain is said to exhibit [(0.2500−0.1850)/0.2500×100]=26% less expression of protein “Y” relative to the wild-type strain. Table 5 in Example 3 herein provides additional illustrative examples of percent less expression calculated for an exemplary attenuated strain of M. gallisepticum relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum strain.

Vaccine Compositions

The present invention also includes vaccine compositions comprising a live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, the expression “live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium of the invention” encompasses any live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium that is described and/or claimed elsewhere herein. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be, e.g., water, a stabilizer, a preservative, culture medium, or a buffer. Vaccine formulations comprising the attenuated M. gallisepticum bacteria of the invention can be prepared in the form of a suspension or in a lyophilized form or, alternatively, in a frozen form. If frozen, glycerol or other similar agents may be added to enhance stability when frozen.

Methods of Vaccinating an Animal

The present invention also includes methods of vaccinating an animal against M. gallisepticum infection. The methods according to this aspect of the invention comprise administering to an animal an immunologically-effective amount of a vaccine composition comprising a live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium of the invention. As used herein, the expression “live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium of the invention” encompasses any live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium that is described and/or claimed elsewhere herein. The expression “immunologically-effective amount” means that amount of vaccine composition required to invoke the production of protective levels of antibodies in an animal upon vaccination. The vaccine composition may be administered to the animal in any manner known in the art including oral, intranasal, mucosal, topical, transdermal, and parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, subcutaneous or intramuscular) routes. Administration can also be achieved using needle-free delivery devices. Administration can be achieved using a combination of routes, e.g., first administration using a parental route and subsequent administration using a mucosal route, etc.

The animal to which the attenuated M. gallisepticum strain is administered is preferably a bird, e.g., a chicken or a turkey. Where the animal is a bird, the vaccine formulations of the invention may be administered such that the formulations are immediately or eventually brought into contact with the bird's respiratory mucosal membranes. Thus, the vaccine formulations may be administered to birds, e.g., intranasally, orally, and/or intraocularly. The vaccine compositions for avian administration may be formulated as described above and/or in a form suitable for administration by spray, including aerosol (for intranasal administration) or in drinking water (for oral administration).

Vaccine compositions of the present invention that are administered by spray or aerosol can be formulated by incorporating the live, attenuated M. gallisepticum bacteria into small liquid particles. The particles can have an initial droplet size of between about 10 μm to about 100 μm. Such particles can be generated by, e.g., conventional spray apparatus and aerosol generators, including commercially available spray generators for knapsack spray, hatchery spray and atomist spray.

Methods for Making Attenuated M. Gallisepticum Clones

In another aspect of the present invention, the invention provides methods for identifying and/or making attenuated M. gallisepticum clones. The methods according to this aspect of the invention comprise subjecting an initial population of M. gallisepticum bacteria to attenuating conditions, thereby producing a putatively attenuated bacterial population. Next, individual clones of the putatively attenuated bacterial population are assayed for reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621, relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium. The clones that are identified as having reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621 are then tested for virulence. Clones that exhibit both reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621 and reduced virulence relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium are identified as attenuated M. gallisepticum clones.

According to this aspect of the invention, the “initial population of M. gallisepticum bacteria” can be any quantity of M. gallisepticum bacteria. The bacteria, in certain embodiments are wild-type bacteria. Alternatively, the bacteria may contain one or more mutations. Preferably, however, the bacteria in the initial population are clonally identical or substantially clonally identical; that is, the bacteria preferably are all derived from a single parental M. gallisepticum bacterial cell and/or have identical or substantially identical genotypic and/or phenotypic characteristics.

As used herein, the term “attenuating conditions” means any condition or combination of conditions which has/have the potential for introducing one or more genetic changes (e.g., nucleotide mutations) into the genome of a M. gallisepticum bacterium. Exemplary, non-limiting, attenuating conditions include, e.g., passaging bacteria in culture, transforming bacteria with a genome-insertable genetic element such as a transposon (e.g., a transposon that randomly inserts into the M. gallisepticum genome), exposing bacteria to one or more mutagens (e.g., chemical mutagens or ultraviolet light), etc. When bacterial cells are attenuated by passaging in vitro, the cells may be passaged any number of times, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, or more times in vitro.

The initial population of M. gallisepticum cells, after being subjected to attenuating conditions, are referred to herein as a putatively attenuated bacterial population. Individual clones of the putatively attenuated bacterial population can be obtained by standard microbiological techniques including, e.g., serially diluting the cells and plating out individual cells on appropriate media. Once obtained, the individual clones of the putatively attenuated bacterial population are assayed for reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621 and/or one or more additional specified proteins. Methods for determining whether an attenuated M. gallisepticum bacterium exhibits reduced expression of one or more proteins that are normally expressed in wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterial cells are described elsewhere herein. Exemplary methods include, e.g., RT-PCR-based methods, Western blot, etc.

Individual clones that are identified as having reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621 can be tested for virulence by administration of the clones to an animal that is susceptible to infection by the wild-type (unattenuated) version of the bacterium. As used herein, “an animal that is susceptible to infection by a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium” is an animal that shows at least one clinical symptom after being challenged with a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium. Such symptoms are known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. For example, in the case of a putatively attenuated M. gallisepticum strain that exhibits reduced expression of, e.g., MGA_(—)0621, the strain can be administered to, e.g., turkeys or chickens (which are normally susceptible to infection by wild-type M. gallisepticum). Clinical symptoms of M. gallispeticum infection of poultry animals include, e.g., acute respiratory symptoms, pericarditis, perihepatitis, air sacculitis, trachea thickening, reduced weight gain, deciliation, abnormal goblet cells, capillary distension, increased numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells and/or heterophils, and in some cases reduced egg production. Thus, if the putatively attenuated M. gallisepticum strain, when administered to a chicken or turkey, results in fewer and/or less severe symptoms as compared to a turkey or chicken that has been infected with a wild-type M. gallisepticum strain, then the putatively attenuated M. gallisepticum strain is deemed to have “reduced virulence.” Any degree of reduction in symptoms will identify the putatively attenuated strain as having reduced virulence. In certain embodiments, the putatively attenuated strain will be avirulent.

According to the present invention, an M. gallisepticum clone that exhibits reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621 (and/or one or more additional specified proteins), and that exhibits reduced virulence relative to a wild-type M. gallisepticum bacterium is an attenuated M. gallisepticum clone. An exemplary, live, attenuated M. gallisepticum clone of the present invention, which exhibits reduced expression of MGA_(—)0621 (along with reduced expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, and ribosomal protein L35) is the strain designated MGx+47. MGx+47 has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20108, on Jun. 19, 2007 and was assigned accession number PTA-8485.

The following examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of the method and compositions of the present invention. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of the variety of conditions and parameters normally encountered in molecular biology and chemistry which are obvious to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure are within the spirit and scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation of a Live, Attenuated M. Gallisepticum Strain

Anew live, attenuated Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain was generated by passaging a wild-type M. galliespticum strain R980 multiple times in vitro. In particular, 0.1 mL seed material of wild-type M. gallisepticum strain R-980 was inoculated into 20 mL of modified Frey's medium (Frey et al., Am. J. Vet. Res. 29:2163-2171 (1968) (also referred to herein as “MG culture medium”). The wild-type cells were grown until media color changed to bright yellow. The bright yellow cultures were subsequently used to re-inoculate fresh MG culture media as described above. The culture was passaged a total of 47 times in this manner. The resulting strain was tested for attenuation by vaccinating groups of birds followed by challenge using the wild-type M. gallisepticum. All the birds were necropsized two weeks post-challenge and mycoplasma related pathologies were observed. High passage strain (x+47) provided protection against the clinical signs associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. This attenuated M. gallisepticum strain designated MGx+47 was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20108, on Jun. 19, 2007 and was assigned accession number PTA-8485.

Example 2 Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of a Live, Attenuated M. Gallisepticum Vaccine in Chickens

In this Example, the safety and efficacy of the new M. gallisepticum vaccine strain MGx+47 obtained in Example 1 was assessed in chickens.

Seventy one SPF white leghorn chickens were divided into seven groups as follows:

TABLE 1 Study Design Group # Chickens Vaccinated Challenged 1 11 No Yes 2 10 Yes No 3 11 Yes Yes  4a 10 Yes No  4b 11 Yes No  4c 9 Yes No 5 9 No No

The chickens in groups 2, 3, 4a, 4b and 4c were vaccinated with attenuated strain MGx+47 at 3.62×10⁷ CCU/mL/bird, administered by coarse spray at 4 weeks of age. The chickens in groups 1 and 3 were challenged intratracheally (IT) at 7 weeks of age with 0.5 mL of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R at 7.74×10⁵ CCU/mL. Necropsy was performed on the chickens of groups 1, 2, 3 and 5 at 9 weeks of age, and necropsy was performed on the chickens of groups 4a, 4b and 4c at 7, 14 and 21 days post vaccination (DPV), respectively. The chickens were assessed for average weight gain, pericarditis, perihepatitis, airsacculitis, and tracheitis. The results are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Safety and Efficacy Summary Vaccination = 3.62 × 10⁷ CFU/mL/bird Challenge = 0.5 mL at 7.74 × 10⁵ CFU/mL Average Airsacculitis Weight Gain Score (average Trachea Group Vaccinated Challenged (kg/day) Pericarditis Perihepatitis Airsacculitis of positives) (Histology) 1 No Yes 0.016 0/11 0/11 9/11 3.56 severe tracheitis 2 Yes No 0.018 0/10 0/10 0/10 0 normal 3 Yes Yes 0.017 0/11 0/11 2/11 2.5 mixed tracheitis 4a Yes No 0.016 0/9 0/9 0/9 o normal 4b Yes No 0.017 0/11 0/11 0/11 0 normal 4c Yes No 0.017 0/10 0/10 0/10 0 normal 5 No No 0.015 0/9 0/9 0/9 0 normal

TABLE 3 Safety Table: Histology Report of Formalin-Fixed Chicken Tracheas from Individual Vaccinated/Unchallenged Chickens (Group 4a, 4b and 4c) Time Goblet Capillary LC/ Thickness Point Chicken Cilia Cells/M Distension PC PMNs (microns)  7 1 N − − − − 30 DPV 2 N − − − − 30 3 N − − − − 30 4 N − − + − 30 5 N − − − − 30 6 N − − + − 30 7 N − − + − 30 8 N − − − − 30 9 N + − − − 30 14 1 N − − − − 50 DPV 2 N + − − − 50 3 N − − + − 50 4 N − − − − 50 5 N − − − − 50 6 N − − − − 50 7 N − − − − 50 8 N − − − − 50 9 N − − + − 50 10 N − − − − 50 11 N − − + − 50 21 1 N − − − − 50 DPV 2 N − − ++ − 110 3 N − − − − 50 4 N − − − − 50 5 N − − − − 50 6 N − − + − 50 7 N − − − − 50 8 N − − − − 50 9 N − − − − 50 10 N − − − − 50

TABLE 4 Efficacy Table: Histology Report of Formalin-Fixed Chicken Tracheas from Individual Chickens Gob- let Cells/ Capillary LC/ Thickness Group Chicken Cilia M Distension PC PMNs (microns) 1 Not Vaccinated; Challenged 1 − + ++ ++++ ++ 410 2 +/− − − + − 90 3 N + − − − 50 4 − − ++++ ++++ − 420 5 N + + + − 60 6 − + ++++ ++++ +++ 400 7 − − ++++ ++++ − 440 8 − − ++++ ++++ ++++ 280 9 − + − − − 40 10 − − ++++ ++++ − 260 11 − + ++++ ++++ +++ 450 3 Vaccinated and Challenged 1 − − ++ ++++ − 380 2 N − + + − 40 3 N − + + − 50 4 − − + +++ ++ 220 5 N − + + − 60 6 N − + + − 60 7 N − − − − 50 8 N − − − − 50 9 N − + + − 50 10 +/− − + ++ − 140 5 Not Vaccinated; Not Challenged 1 N − − + − 50 2 N − − + − 50 3 N − − − − 50 4 N − − + − 50 5 N − − − − 50 6 N − − + − 50 7 N − − − − 50 8 N − − + − 50 9 N − − − − 50

Key to Safety and Efficacy Tables (Tables 3 and 4):

-   -   All “vaccinated” birds were vaccinated by coarse spray with         vaccine strain MGx+47 at 3.62×10⁷ CCU/mL/bird;     -   All “challenged” birds were challenged intratracheally (IT) with         0.5 mL of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R at 7.74×10⁵ CCU/mL     -   Time Point (in Table 3: Safety Table)=number of days after         vaccination when the chickens were examined, expressed as # days         post vaccination     -   Cilia: “N”=normal cilia; “−”=deciliation;     -   Goblet Cells/M (“−”=normal goblet cells; “+”=mucus lying on the         respiratory surface);     -   Capillary Distension (“−”=no distension or inflammation;         “+”=moderate capillary distension or inflammation; “++”=severe         capillary distension or inflammation);     -   LC/PC=Lymphocytes and Plasma cells (“−”=none; “+”=few;         “++++”=numerous);     -   PMNs=Heterophils (“−”=none; “+”=few; “++++”=numerous);

The histology analysis of the group 2 chickens (vaccinated but not challenged) was substantially similar to that of the group 5 chickens (unvaccinated, unchallenged), demonstrating the safety of the newly generated MGx+47 vaccine strain. (See, e.g., Table 2 above).

With regard to efficacy, the group 3 chickens (vaccinated and challenged) showed significantly reduced airsacculitis compared to the group 1 chickens (unvaccinated and challenged). (See, e.g., Tables 2 and 4). In addition, as illustrated in Table 4, the group 3 chickens exhibited fewer histological signs of M. gallisepticum infection with regard to cillia, goblet cells, capillary distension, lymphocytes and plasma cells (LC/PC), heterophils (PMNs) and trachea thickness. (See Table 4).

Thus, this Example demonstrates that MGx+47 is a safe and effective live, attenuated M. gallisepticum vaccine strain.

Example 3 Proteomic Characterization of MGX+47 Vaccine Strain

In an effort to more precisely define the MGx+47 vaccine strain (see Examples 1 and 2) at the molecular level, a proteomic analysis of this strain was undertaken.

In this Example, total protein was isolated from the wild-type M. gallisepticum strain R-980 and from the newly identified vaccine strain MGx+47. Proteins from each strain were resolved by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by computerized analysis of the gel images. (See FIG. 1). Protein spots were identified that were differentially expressed in the vaccine strain. Protein spots that were absent, or were expressed at significantly reduced levels, in the vaccine strain compared to the wild-type strain were excised from the gel.

Five spots were identified that were expressed at significantly lower levels in the MGx+47 vaccine strain as compared to the wild-type M. gallisepticum. Each of these protein spots were excised from the gel and enzmatically digested. Followed by peptide mass fingerprinting using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The mass spectra identified for each protein spot was compared to a peptide mass database to identify the proteins and the corresponding genes that encodes them. The results of this analysis are summarized in the Table below:

TABLE 5 Summary of Proteomic Analysis of MGx+47 Level of Level of Percent expression in expression in decrease in Gene Product Function wild-type MG MGx+47 expression acoA Pyruvate Required for energy 0.1872 0.0858 54.2% dehydrogenase production and conversion (Kreb's Cycle) eno Phospho-pyruvate Catalyzes the 0.0683 0.0173 74.7% hydratase formation of phosphoenol- pyruvate deoC 2-deoxyribose-5- Required for 0.0525 0.0309 41.1% phosphate aldolase nucleotide metabolism rpml Ribosomal Translaction, 0.1171 0.0259 77.9% protein L35 ribosomal structure and biogenesis MGA_0621 Hypothetical Unknown 0.4534 0.0835 81.6% protein

The decrease in expression of the gene products can also be expressed in terms of “fold decrease in expression.” For example, in Table 5, strain MGx+47 can be said to exhibit 2.2, 3.9, 1.7, 4.5 and 5.4 fold decreased expression of acoA, eno, deoC, rpml, and MGA_(—)0621, respectively, relative to wild-type MG.

As indicated in Table 5, five gene products were identified that had significantly reduced expression in the live, attenuated MGx+47 vaccine strain as compared to the wild-type R-980 strain: AcoA, Eno, DeoC, Rmpl, and MGA_(—)0621 (a hypothetical protein identified under NCBI accession number NP_(—)852784). The largest decrease in expression was observed for MGA_(—)0621. Thus, mutations or growth conditions which cause a decrease in MGA_(—)0621 expression are likely to result in attenuation of M. gallisepticum. Down regulation of MGA_(—)0621, therefore, appears to be a effective strategy for producing attenuated strains of M. gallisepticum.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover all changes and modifications that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

All publications and patents mentioned in this specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patents are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 

1-38. (canceled)
 39. A method of attenuating Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria, said method comprising: subjecting an initial population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria to attenuating conditions wherein said conditions decrease the level of a protein having the amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 in said Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein said attenuating conditions comprise passaging said initial population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria at least 2 times in vitro.
 41. The method of claim 39, wherein said attenuating conditions comprise passaging said initial population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria at least 5 times in vitro.
 42. The method of claim 39, wherein said attenuating conditions comprise passaging said initial population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria at least 10 times in vitro.
 43. The method of claim 39 wherein said attenuating conditions comprise passaging said initial population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria at least 20 times in vitro.
 44. The method of claim 39 wherein said attenuating conditions comprise passaging said initial population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria at least 30 times in vitro.
 45. The method of claim 39 wherein said attenuating conditions comprise passaging said initial population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria at least 40 times in vitro.
 46. The method of claim 39, wherein said attenuating conditions comprise transforming said initial population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with a transposon which randomly inserts into the Mycoplasma gallisepticum genome.
 47. The method of claim 39, wherein said attenuating conditions comprise exposing said initial population of Mycoplasma gallisepticum to a chemical mutagen or ultra violet light.
 48. A live, attenuated Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria produced by the method of claim
 39. 49. A vaccine composition comprising the attenuated Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria of claim 39 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 50. A method of vaccinating an animal to prevent Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection said method comprising administering an immunologically effective amount of the vaccine composition of claim
 49. 51. The method of claim 50 wherein said vaccine composition is administered to said animal by direct injection, spray administration or drinking water administration. 